Journal: Journal of Innate Immunity

Article Title: Intestinal Epithelium-Derived Galectin-9 Is Involved in the Immunomodulating Effects of Nondigestible Oligosaccharides

doi: 10.1159/000350515

Figure Lengend Snippet: TLR9 ligation of IEC in the presence of scGOS/lcFOS modulates cytokine secretion by PBMC. HT-29 cells were apically exposed to TLR9 ligand or DNA from B. breve M-16V in the presence or absence of scGOS/lcFOS and cocultured for 24 h with CD3/CD28-activated PBMC. In addition, PBMC were directly stimulated with TLR9 ligand in the presence of scGOS/lcFOS. Exposure of HT-29 cells to TLR9 ligand or DNA from B. breve M-16V increased IFN-γ secretion by PBMC, which was further enhanced in the presence of scGOS/lcFOS (a). This was not observed in the absence of HT-29 cells (d). The secretion of IL-10 was enhanced upon apical exposure of HT-29 cells to TLR9 ligand or DNA from B. breve M-16V, while IL-13 production was reduced. The presence of scGOS/lcFOS did not affect IL-13 (b) and IL-10 secretion (c). The effects on IL-10 and IL-13 secretion by PBMC were also observed in the absence of HT-29 cells (e, f). Means ± SEM of 3-4 independent PBMC donors. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.

Article Snippet: Galectin-9 Expression by IEC Is Increased upon Exposure to TLR9 Ligand and scGOS/lcFOS Galectins expressed by IEC may be involved in the induction of T h 1- and T reg -cell development.

Techniques: Ligation

Journal: Journal of Innate Immunity

Article Title: Intestinal Epithelium-Derived Galectin-9 Is Involved in the Immunomodulating Effects of Nondigestible Oligosaccharides

doi: 10.1159/000350515

Figure Lengend Snippet: TLR9 ligation of IEC in the presence of scGOS/lcFOS results in an enhanced Th1-type effector response. HT-29 cells were apically exposed to TLR9 ligand in the presence or absence of scGOS/lcFOS and cocultured for 24 h with CD3/CD28-activated PBMC. In addition, PBMC were directly stimulated with TLR9 ligand in the presence of scGOS/lcFOS. The frequency of activated Th1 cells (CD4+CD69+CXCR3+) and CD4+IFN-γ+ cells was only increased by apical TLR9 ligation of IEC, which was further enhanced by the presence of scGOS/lcFOS (a, b, d). Direct stimulation of PBMC with TLR9 ligand in the absence or presence of scGOS/lcFOS did not alter the percentage of Th1 cells (c, e). Means ± SEM of 3-4 independent PBMC donors. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.

Article Snippet: Galectin-9 Expression by IEC Is Increased upon Exposure to TLR9 Ligand and scGOS/lcFOS Galectins expressed by IEC may be involved in the induction of T h 1- and T reg -cell development.

Techniques: Ligation

Journal: Journal of Innate Immunity

Article Title: Intestinal Epithelium-Derived Galectin-9 Is Involved in the Immunomodulating Effects of Nondigestible Oligosaccharides

doi: 10.1159/000350515

Figure Lengend Snippet: TLR9 ligation of IEC in the presence of scGOS/lcFOS results in enhanced Treg-type effector responses. HT-29 cells were apically exposed to TLR9 ligand in the presence or absence of scGOS/lcFOS and cocultured for 24 h with CD3/CD28-activated PBMC. In addition, PBMC were directly stimulated with TLR9 ligand in presence of scGOS/lcFOS. The frequency of Treg cells (CD4+CD25+Foxp3+) was only increased by apical TLR9 ligation of IEC in the presence of scGOS/lcFOS (a, b). Direct stimulation of PBMC with TLR9 ligand in the absence or presence of scGOS/lcFOS did not modulate the number of Treg cells (c). Intracellular IL-10 expression by CD4+ T cells was increased by TLR9 ligand and remained unaltered in the presence of scGOS/lcFOS (d). Similar results were observed in the absence of IEC (e). Means ± SEM of 3-5 independent PBMC donors, * p < 0.05.

Article Snippet: Galectin-9 Expression by IEC Is Increased upon Exposure to TLR9 Ligand and scGOS/lcFOS Galectins expressed by IEC may be involved in the induction of T h 1- and T reg -cell development.

Techniques: Ligation, Expressing

Journal: Journal of Innate Immunity

Article Title: Intestinal Epithelium-Derived Galectin-9 Is Involved in the Immunomodulating Effects of Nondigestible Oligosaccharides

doi: 10.1159/000350515

Figure Lengend Snippet: Expression and secretion of galectin-9 in HT-29 cells is regulated by TLR9 ligation and scGOS/lcFOS. a-c Analysis of galectin (Gal) mRNA expression by HT-29 cells by quantitative PCR analysis. Evaluation of the expression profile of galectins by IEC (a). Apical TLR9 ligation of HT-29 cells, in the absence or presence of scGOS/lcFOS, specifically increases galectin-9 expression (b, c). Protein expression of galectin-4 and galectin-9 and its modulation upon TLR9 ligation and scGOS/lcFOS was confirmed by immunofluorescence microscopic staining of HT-29 monolayers (d). ELISA was performed in the basolateral supernatant of HT-29 monolayers (e). TLR9 ligation of HT-29 cells in the presence of scGOS/lcFOS enhanced galectin-9, but not galectin-4 secretion. n = 3 (a-d) or n = 6 (e) independent PBMC donors, means ± SEM, * p < 0.05, # p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01.

Article Snippet: Galectin-9 Expression by IEC Is Increased upon Exposure to TLR9 Ligand and scGOS/lcFOS Galectins expressed by IEC may be involved in the induction of T h 1- and T reg -cell development.

Techniques: Expressing, Ligation, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Immunofluorescence, Staining, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Journal: Journal of Innate Immunity

Article Title: Intestinal Epithelium-Derived Galectin-9 Is Involved in the Immunomodulating Effects of Nondigestible Oligosaccharides

doi: 10.1159/000350515

Figure Lengend Snippet: Galectin-9 neutralization in IEC/PBMC cocultures abrogates IFN-γ and IL-10 secretion by PBMC. HT-29 (unpolarized) and T84 (polarized) IEC were cocultured with CD3/CD28-activated PBMC for 24 h and apically exposed to TLR9 ligand in the presence or absence of scGOS/lcFOS. Basolateral galectin-9 was neutralized using TIM-3-Fc fusion protein. Galectin-9 neutralization abrogated the induction of IFN-γ (a, e) and IL-10 (b, f) by PBMC, but did not modulate IL-17A secretion by PBMC (c, g). Furthermore, the immunomodulating effects on IL-13 secretion induced by exposure of HT-29 or T84 cells to TLR9 ligand in the absence or presence of scGOS/lcFOS was abolished upon neutralization of galectin-9 (d, h). Means ± SEM of 3 independent PBMC donors. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. GF = scGOS/lcFOS.

Article Snippet: Galectin-9 Expression by IEC Is Increased upon Exposure to TLR9 Ligand and scGOS/lcFOS Galectins expressed by IEC may be involved in the induction of T h 1- and T reg -cell development.

Techniques: Neutralization

Journal: Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B

Article Title: Exosome-derived galectin-9 may be a novel predictor of rejection and prognosis after liver transplantation *

doi: 10.1631/jzus.B1900051

Figure Lengend Snippet: Galectin-9 expression in serum exosomes

Article Snippet: Galectin-9 expression in serum exosomes of patients with ACR Peripheral blood samples were taken from three sets of paired patients, with and without ACR.

Techniques: Expressing

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: Reduced Expression of Galectin-9 Contributes to a Poor Outcome in Colon Cancer by Inhibiting NK Cell Chemotaxis Partially through the Rho/ROCK1 Signaling Pathway

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152599

Figure Lengend Snippet: Association between galectin-9 expression and clinicopathological features in colon cancer.

Article Snippet: The results suggested that galectin-9 expression in colon tumor tissues (HR: 0.549, 95%CI: 0.303–0.995, P = 0.048) and TMN stage (HR: 2.371, 95%CI: 1.306–4.304, P = 0.005) were independent prognostic markers, demonstrating that galectin-9 expression in colon tumor tissues is a positive prognostic factor for overall survival ( ).

Techniques: Expressing